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关于雅思写作中衔接手段的评分标准你清楚吗?

  大家在雅思写作中是怎么练习的,不要忘记官方公布的评分描述,针对这个描述进行复习是非常重要的。其中就有关于衔接手段的评分标准,不知道大家注意没有,很多人可能会忽略。下面就针对衔接手段cohesive device,我们来进行分析。

  Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文:

  Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use

  6分第二条原文为:

  Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;

  6分第三条提到:

  May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately

  与之对应的5分第二条为:

  Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices

  5分第三条为:

  May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution

  由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing(指代关系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(衔接手段)的表现,而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。

  那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device(衔接手段)究竟是什么呢?

  Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)定义:

  能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。

  逻辑关系主要涉及:并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举列。

  具体来看,可分成以下三类:

  Lexical aspect:(词汇方面)

  Linking word(连词):

  并列或递进关系:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等

  让步或转折关系:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等

  因果关系:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;

  举例:like

  Linking phrase(短语):

  并列或递进关系:not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that

  让步或转折关系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of, It is true that…;

  因果关系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case

  举例:for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as

  Adverb (副词):

  并列或递进关系:additionally; similarly; alternatively;

  让步或转折关系: surprisingly; admittedly

  因果关系: consequently; eventually;

  举例:especially;

  Reference(代词):

  They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等

  (句法)Syntax:

  Punctuation (标点符号):

  并列或递进关系:分号

  同位、举例:冒号;破折号;括号

  Clause (各种从句):主句的信息为重点信息;从句信息为次要信息

  Unnoticeable cohesive device(高级连接手段)

  Rhetorical purpose: (修辞)

  排比:并列关系

  Substitution/paraphrasing(同义转换):用词性转换、近义词、下义词、等有关联的信息来重复重点信息。这是获得7分以上高分的重要标志。

  很多学生总是抱怨自己词汇量小,思路打不开。或是背了一大堆的词汇,真到考试就用不上了。或是写了一堆语言,但中心论点不明确。

  其实,如果一个段落的每一句话,都能出现要点信息,文章就会很容易读懂,并给人浑然一体的感觉。为了让读者更好的理解这一高级的连接手段,我们来做一个小小的练习。

  中心话题为Disaster,要求说出的短语,单词必须要能让人联想到该主题。

  我们可以有以下几种思路:

  词性转换: disastrous; disastrously

  近义词:catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery

  下义词:

  disaster→

  natural disaster →

  flood; tsunami; earthquake→

  quake-scattered area→

  victims→the injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homeless→orphan; the old without any family members;

  survivor; survival

  rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate

  condolence; mourn

  通过这种思维方式,我们还可以想出很多能体现“灾难“的语言。尤其是下义词的有效使用,即可掩盖词汇量不大的缺陷,还可以让文章生动,说理性强。

  官方给出的高分文章也可以体现这一特点。

  Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the ‘realities’ of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.(53words)

  Cohesive device:

  通过同意转换和代词的使用,该段每句话主语紧扣题目主题信息:children from poor families,

  Children of poor parents;These children;Their parents

  句子之间没用使用明显的连词或连接短语,但通过 problems of adult life; the ‘realities’ of life; parents own struggles’凸显该段分论点“生活艰难“另外,首句中的‘prematurely’由第二句的 ‘begin to’第三句的 ‘serve an example’对应,使得该段的信息环环相扣,读起来浑然一体。该段使用最突出的”cohesive device”是信息对应。即用下义词,反义词等与主题句的分论点相关的各种具体形像化和相关性的词来展开论证。这是paraphrasing的最高表现。也是确保“cohesion”的最佳方案。

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